RESUMO Introdução: As células satélites musculares esqueléticas são consideradas a única fonte de células-tronco para a diferenciação miogênica das células musculares esqueléticas adultas. Após a estimulação, a célula satélite muscular esquelética pode ser ativada através de vias de sinalização específicas, proliferar e diferenciar-se em célula muscular. Uma análise sobre os efeitos das principais vias de sinalização poderia estabelecer as bases para um estudo aprofundado da formação muscular esquelética nos atletas e do desenvolvimento muscular. Objetivo: Este artigo analisa os efeitos das principais vias de sinal na proliferação e diferenciação das células satélites musculares esqueléticas. Métodos: Dividimos 32 atletas em quatro grupos. Grupos controle, alongamento, experimental e grupo misto. O grupo controle não recebeu treinamento algum, o grupo de alongamento e o grupo experimental receberam treinamento de alongamento no gastrocnêmio direito. O grupo misto também obteve treinamento de escalada com peso no treino de alongamento, carga inicial de 30% do peso do atleta, aumentando 25% em cada semana até 100% do peso corporal. Na frequência de 3 vezes por semana. Após os treinos, a expressão genética das células satélites vivas foi medida por intermédio da sinalização proveniente de coleta intramuscular. Resultados: O nível de MGF do grupo antagônico (3.56±0.21) foi maior que no grupo controle (3.25±0.18). A expressão gênica do mRNA HGF foi maior no grupo misto (2.16±0.24) seguido pelo antagônico (2.02±0.15), o grupo de alongamento (1.81±0.25) e o grupo controle (1.03±0.06) Conclusão: Tanto o treinamento de alongamento quanto o treinamento antagônico podem aumentar a expressão genética nas vias de sinalização. O treinamento antagônico aumentou significativamente a expressão de HGF, MGF e mRNA. Essa atividade pode promover volume e hipertrofia muscular. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Skeletal muscle satellite cells are considered the unique source of stem cells for myogenic differentiation of adult skeletal muscle cells. Upon stimulation, the skeletal muscle satellite cell can be activated through specific signaling pathways, proliferate and differentiate into a muscle cell. An analysis of the effects of key signaling pathways could provide the basis for an in-depth study of skeletal muscle formation in athletes and muscle development. Objective: This paper analyzes the effects of key signaling pathways on skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. Methods: We divided 32 athletes into four groups: control, stretching, experimental, and mixed groups. The control group received no training at all, the stretching group and the experimental group received stretching training on the right gastrocnemius. The mixed group also got weight climbing training in the stretching training, initial load 30% of the athlete's weight, increasing 25% each week until 100% of body weight, at the frequency of 3 times a week. After training, gene expression of live satellite cells was measured by intramuscular signaling. Results: The FGM level of the antagonistic group (3.56±0.21) was higher than in the control group (3.25±0.18). The gene expression of HGF mRNA was higher in the mixed group (2.16±0.24) followed by the antagonistic group (2.02±0.15), the stretching group (1.81±0.25), and the control group (1.03±0.06). Conclusion: Both stretching and antagonistic training can increase gene expression in signaling pathways. Antagonistic training significantly increased the expression of HGF, MGF, and mRNA. This activity can promote muscle bulking and skeletal muscle enlargements. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las células satélite del músculo esquelético se consideran la única fuente de células madre para la diferenciación miogénica de las células musculares esqueléticas adultas. Tras la estimulación, la célula satélite del músculo esquelético puede activarse a través de vías de señalización específicas, proliferar y diferenciarse en una célula muscular. Un análisis sobre los efectos de las vías de señalización clave podría sentar las bases para un estudio en profundidad de la formación del músculo esquelético en los atletas y del desarrollo muscular. Objetivo: Este trabajo examina los efectos de las vías de señalización clave en la proliferación y diferenciación de las células satélite del músculo esquelético. Métodos: Dividimos a 32 atletas en cuatro grupos. Grupos de control, de estiramiento, experimentales y mixtos. El grupo de control no recibió ningún entrenamiento, el grupo de estiramiento y el grupo experimental recibieron un entrenamiento de estiramiento en el gastrocnemio derecho. El grupo mixto también recibió entrenamiento de escalada con pesas en el entrenamiento de estiramiento, con una carga inicial del 30% del peso del atleta, aumentando un 25% cada semana hasta el 100% del peso corporal. Con una frecuencia de 3 veces por semana. Tras el entrenamiento, se midió la expresión génica de las células satélite vivas mediante la señalización de la recogida intramuscular. Resultados: El nivel de FGM del grupo antagonista (3,56±0,21) fue mayor que en el grupo de control (3,25±0,18). La expresión génica del ARNm del HGF fue mayor en el grupo mixto (2,16±0,24), seguido del grupo antagonista (2,02±0,15), el grupo de estiramiento (1,81±0,25) y el grupo de control (1,03±0,06) Conclusión: Tanto el entrenamiento de estiramiento como el antagonista pueden aumentar la expresión génica en las vías de señalización. El entrenamiento antagónico aumentó significativamente la expresión de HGF, MGF y mRNA. Esta actividad puede promover el aumento de volumen muscular y la hipertrofia. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Abstract In this paper, a model of the composite foundation reinforced with geosynthetic encased stone columns was established using the discrete element method, and the characteristics of its action under cyclic loading were studied. The influence of the length and radius of the pile on the settlement of the composite foundation is analyzed. The deformation characteristics of the pile and the stress ratio of pile-soil are studied under different pile lengths and radius. Then, based on this, the analysis of the lateral deformation characteristics of the piles under cyclic loading, the calculation model of the geosynthetic encased pile composite foundation is established. The settlement calculation formula of the composite foundation is solved according to the deformation coordination relationship between the pile and soil, the equilibrium condition, and the boundary condition. The results show that the theoretical value is in good agreement with the simulation value, which verifies the rationality of the theoretical calculation formula.

SUMMARY: Matrigel is a basement membrane matrix extracted from the EHS mouse tumor containing extracellular matrix protein, its main components are laminin, type IV collagen, nestin, heparin sulfate, growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase.At room temperature, Matrigel polymerized to form a three dimensional matrix with biological activity. It can simulate the structure, composition, physical properties and functions of the cell basement membrane in vivo, which is beneficial to the culture and differentiation of the cells in vitro, and can be used for the study of cell morphology, biochemical function, migration, infection and gene expression. In this study, Matrigel three-dimensional culture model of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) was established, and its morphology, proliferation and survival were observed. BMSCs were isolated and cultured with whole bone marrow adherence method. The Second generation BMSCs with good growth condition were selected and mixed with Matrigel to form cell gel complexes. The morphology and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells were observed by phase contrast microscope and HE staining,Live/Dead staining was used to evaluate the cell activity.Phase contrast microscopy showed that BMSCs were reticulated in Matrigel and proliferated well, After 7 days, the matrix gel gradually became soft and collapsed, a few cell reticular crosslinking growth was seen at 14 days; HE staining showed that the cytoplasm of the cells was larger on the fourth day and the cells were elongated and cross-linked on the seventh day; Live/dead staining showed that most cells showed green fluorescence with the prolongation of culture time, on the first, 4 and 7 days, the activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in Matrigel gradually increased, and the percentages were 92.57 %, 95.54 % and 97.37 %, respectively. Matrigel three-dimensional culture system can maintain the morphology, function and proliferation ability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

RESUMEN: Matrigel es una matriz de membrana basal extraída del tumor de ratón EHS que contiene proteína de matriz extracelular. Los componentes principales son laminina, el colágeno tipo IV, nestina, sulfato de heparina, factor de crecimiento y metaloproteinasa de matriz. A temperatura ambiente, Matrigel se polimerizó para formar una matriz tridimensional. Es posible simular la estructura, la composición, las propiedades físicas y las funciones de la membrana basal celular in vivo, lo que es beneficioso para el cultivo y la diferenciación de las células in vitro, y se puede utilizar para el estudio de la morfología celular, la función bioquímica, la migración, infección y expresión génica. En este estudio, se estableció el modelo de cultivo tridimensional Matrigel de células madre mesenquimales de médula ósea (BMSC), y se observó su morfología, proliferación y supervivencia. Las BMSC fueron aisladas y cultivadas con el método de adherencia de la médula ósea completa. Se seleccionaron las BMSC de segunda generación con buenas condiciones de crecimiento y se mezclaron con Matrigel para formar complejos de gel de células. La morfología y la proliferación de las células madre mesenquimales se observaron con microscopio de contraste de fase y se tiñó con Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE); para evaluar la actividad celular se usó la tinción Live/Dead. La microscopía de contraste mostró que las BMSC se reticularon en Matrigel y proliferaron bien. Después de 7 días, se observó que el gel de matriz gradualmente se volvió blando y colapsó, y se visualizó un cruce transversal de algunas células reticulares a los 14 días. La tinción mostró que la mayoría de las células mostraron una fluorescencia verde con la prolongación del tiempo de cultivo; en los primeros 4 y 7 días, la actividad de las células madre mesenquimales de la médula ósea en Matrigel aumentó gradualmente y los porcentajes fueron de 92,57 %, 95,54 % y 97,37 %, respectivamente. El sistema de cultivo tridimensional de Matrigel puede mantener la morfología, la función y la capacidad de proliferación de las células madre mesenquimales de la médula ósea.

Abstract Background Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 6 (CCR6) is present in sperm and plays a significant role in sperm motility and chemotaxis acting in the reproductive tracts. However, the expression and functional significance of CCR6 in testis are still poorly understood, especially in the process of spermatogenesis. Methods and results CCR6 was expressed in spermatogenic cell lines and its expression was shown in an age-dependent upregulation manner from puberty to adulthood in mouse testis. Immunostaining results confirmed the localization of CCR 6 in testis. Further chemotaxis assays demonstrated that spermatogenic cells GC-1 and −2 exhibited a directional movement toward CCR6-specific ligand such as CCL20 or Sertoli cells in vitro. Conclusions The present findings indicate that CCR6 is involved in the chemotaxis of spermatogenic cells in vitro and promotes chemotaxis under non-inflammatory conditions during normal spermatogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical strain plays a great role in growth and differentiation of osteoblast. A previous study indicated that integrin-β (β1, β5) mediated osteoblast proliferation promoted by mechanical tensile strain. However, the involvement of integrin-β in osteoblastic differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation induced by mechanical tensile strain, remains unclear. RESULTS: After transfection with integrin-β1 siRNA or integrin-β5 siRNA, mouse MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts were cultured in cell culture dishes and stimulated with mechanical tensile strain of 2500 microstrain (µε) at 0.5 Hz applied once a day for 1 h over 3 or 5 consecutive days. The cyclic tensile strain promoted osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Transfection with integrin-β1 siRNA attenuated the osteoblastic diffenentiation induced by the tensile strain. By contrast, transfection with integrin-β5 siRNA had little effect on the osteoblastic differentiation induced by thestrain. At thesametime, theresultofECM formation promoted by the strain, was similar to the osteoblastic differentiation. CONCLUSION: Integrin-β1 mediates osteoblast differentiation and osteoblastic ECM formation promoted by cyclic tensile strain, and integrin-β5 is not involved in the osteoblasts response to the tensile strain.